Easy2Siksha.com
GNDU QUESTION PAPERS 2024
BA/BSc 4
th
SEMESTER
ENGLISH (Elecve)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. (a) Aempt the following quesons. Each queson carries 4 marks.
(i) Determine the contextual meaning of the following underlined vocabulary items:
(a) the degree to which you think that women are more vulnerable than men.
(b) a way to culvate an understanding among teenagers of the negave eects of gender
role stereotyping.
SECTION-B
3. (a) Aempt any Three of the following quesons. Each queson carries 4 marks.
(i) Write a note on future of English in India as visualized by S. Gopal in 'English Language in
India'.
(ii) Describe briey the work culture in the Hindi Cinema and its eects upon the arsts in
the essay 'An Address'.
(iii) Explain in your own words Tagore's concepon of India as described in 'Society and
State'.
(iv) Why have sports come to acquire a character which gives rise to a feeling of animosity
among the naons in the essay 'The Sporng Spirit'?
Easy2Siksha.com
(b) Aempt any One of the following quesons
(i) Summarize in your own words the ideas contained in E.M. Foster's essay 'Tolerance'.
Or
(ii) Give in your own words Sant Singh Sekhon's thoughts in his essay 'I Believe'. 8
4.(a) Aempt any Three of the following quesons. Each queson carries 4 marks.
(i) What is Dialeccal Materialism and which are its basic tenets?
(ii) What was the essenal theme of Punjabi poetry during the late 60's? What is bad in
this poetry?
(iii) Why according to S. Gopal, Indians need not fear English language?
(iv) Explain Foster's denion of tolerance. What are the two soluons which Foster
menons for solving the probelm of dierences in the modern world?
(b) Aempt any One of the following quesons:
(i) Detail the ideas contained in the essay 'Society and State' wrien by Rabindranath
Tagore.
Or
(ii) What are the observaons of Balraj Sahni in his Convocaon Address?
SECTION-C
5. (a) Aempt any Three of the following quesons. Each queson carries 4 marks.
(1) Write a thumbnail sketch of the drover in the story 'The Drover's Wife'.
(ii) What is the fantascal ending woven by Grannie for the fairy tale in the story 'Once
There Was A King?
(iii) Does Mangal Singh feel guilt when he was pulled up by the Thanedar? Do you
sympathise with him?
(iv) What would you say that the father was lonely or was the daughter lonely on the basis
of your reading the story 'Jasmine's Father'?
Easy2Siksha.com
(b) Aempt any One of the following quesons:
(i) Do you think the tle 'The Bath' is appropriate for the story? Give reasons for your
answer.
Or
(ii) The story 'Jasmine's Father' is centered on generaonal dierences and perspecves.
Discuss.
6. (a) Aempt any Three of the following quesons. Each queson carries 4 marks.
(1) What happens to the princess aer her marriage in the story 'Once There Was A King'?
(ii) How does the weather aect Mangal Singh while he is on duty?
(iii) What does the father warn Jasmine of, which Jasmine takes lightly?
(iv) What is the signicance of Tommy's remark at the end of the story-Mother, I won't
never go drovin.....?
(b) Aempt any One of the following quesons:
(1) Why is the bath signicant in the story 'The Bath' and why does the author keep
referring to it?
Or
8 (ii) The short story 'Jasmine's Father' explores the pathos of father-daughter
relaonship. Discuss.
SECTION-D
7. Aempt any Two of the following quesons:
(i) Examine family relaonships in the story 'The Desjardins'.
(ii) 'Her mother would have to wait another day, choking in grass'. What is implied by this
statement? What is Mammie's state of mind at the end of the story?
(iii) Summarize in your own words the story "The Sacricial Egg" with special aenon to the
plot and style.
8. Transcribe the following Ten words:
Easy2Siksha.com
Terminology, University, Naonality, Capability, Superiority, Diconary, Choreography,
Denitely, Demonstraon, Anecdotal.
GNDU ANSWER PAPERS 2024
BA/BSc 4
th
SEMESTER
ENGLISH (Elecve)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. (a) Aempt the following quesons. Each queson carries 4 marks.
(i) Determine the contextual meaning of the following underlined vocabulary items:
(a) the degree to which you think that women are more vulnerable than men.
(b) a way to culvate an understanding among teenagers of the negave eects of gender
role stereotyping.
Ans: (a) “the degree to which you think that women are more vulnerable than men”
In this statement, the key expressions are “degree to which”, “women are more
vulnerable”, and “than men.”
The phrase “the degree to which” means the level, extent, or how much something is true.
It is not asking for a simple yes or no answer. Instead, it is asking the person to reflect on the
intensity or scale of their belief. It suggests that vulnerability is not an absolute condition
but something that may vary depending on situations, societies, cultures, and individuals.
The word “vulnerable” means being more exposed to harm, danger, exploitation,
discrimination, or injustice. In the context of gender, vulnerability does not only refer to
physical weakness. Instead, it covers many aspects of life, such as social, emotional,
Easy2Siksha.com
psychological, economic, and cultural vulnerability. Women may be more vulnerable
because of unequal treatment, social expectations, gender bias, limited opportunities,
unsafe environments, and historical discrimination. Vulnerability includes risks such as
domestic violence, harassment, lack of freedom, unequal wages, emotional pressure, and
cultural restrictions.
When the sentence says “women are more vulnerable than men,” it is making a
comparative statement. It implies that, in many societies and situations, women face more
challenges, prejudice, and risks compared to men. However, the phrase “the degree to
which you think” indicates that this is a matter of personal perception or opinion. Different
individuals may think differently depending on their knowledge, experience, and awareness.
So, the contextual meaning of the entire expression is:
It is asking the reader to reflect on how strongly they believe that women experience more
risk, exploitation, discrimination, and emotional or social insecurity compared to men, and to
what extent this belief is true according to their understanding.
In short, it does not merely ask whether women are vulnerable. Rather, it invites thoughtful
evaluation about how much more vulnerable women are considered to be in comparison
with men in real-life situations.
(b) “a way to cultivate an understanding among teenagers of the negative effects of
gender role stereotyping.”
In this statement, the important expressions are “cultivate an understanding,” “teenagers,”
and “negative effects of gender role stereotyping.”
The phrase “cultivate an understanding” means to develop, build, gradually create, or
nurture awareness and knowledge. The word “cultivate” is originally related to farming,
where a farmer prepares the land and patiently grows crops. In this context, it suggests that
understanding does not develop instantly. It requires continuous effort through education,
discussion, awareness programs, guidance, and real-life learning experiences.
The phrase “among teenagers” highlights the target group. Teenagers are in a very
important stage of life where their thinking patterns, attitudes, and beliefs are developing. If
they develop wrong ideas at this stage, those wrong beliefs may stay with them throughout
life. That is why it is important to guide them properly.
Now, the key idea here is “the negative effects of gender role stereotyping.”
Gender role stereotyping means fixing rigid roles for males and females, assuming that
men should behave in a certain way and women should behave in another fixed way. For
example:
• Boys should be strong, unemotional, dominant, and career-focused
• Girls should be soft, shy, emotional, obedient, and limited to household
responsibilities
Easy2Siksha.com
Such stereotypes create inequality and injustice. They prevent both boys and girls from
exploring their true abilities and living freely. The negative effects include:
• Discrimination against women
• Pressure on men to always appear strong
• Limited career choices for girls
• Emotional stress and psychological harm
• Gender-based violence and inequality
So, the contextual meaning of the statement is:
It refers to finding an effective method or approach to educate teenagers so that they clearly
understand how harmful and unfair gender stereotypes are, and how these stereotypes
negatively affect individuals and society.
SECTION-B
3. (a) Aempt any Three of the following quesons. Each queson carries 4 marks.
(i) Write a note on future of English in India as visualized by S. Gopal in 'English Language in
India'.
(ii) Describe briey the work culture in the Hindi Cinema and its eects upon the arsts in
the essay 'An Address'.
(iii) Explain in your own words Tagore's concepon of India as described in 'Society and
State'.
(iv) Why have sports come to acquire a character which gives rise to a feeling of animosity
among the naons in the essay 'The Sporng Spirit'?
Ans: (i) Future of English in India as visualized by S. Gopal in ‘English Language in India’
S. Gopal, in his essay “English Language in India”, discusses the role and future of English
with a balanced, practical, and realistic viewpoint. According to him, English is not just a
foreign language in India; it has become deeply connected with India’s education system,
administration, intellectual life, and international relations.
Gopal believes that English will continue to remain important in India for many reasons.
Firstly, it acts as a link language among people belonging to different states who speak
different regional languages. India is a country of linguistic diversity. Hindi cannot be
accepted as the only national language everywhere, and regional languages cannot replace
each other. In such a situation, English becomes a neutral and unifying language.
Secondly, English is the language of higher education, science, technology, medicine, law,
research, and global communication. Most books, research papers, journals, and scientific
Easy2Siksha.com
materials are in English. If India abandons English suddenly, it will isolate itself from modern
knowledge and progress.
Thirdly, English gives Indians access to the global world. It provides opportunities for
employment, international business, diplomacy, and global interaction. In a world moving
toward globalization, English serves as a gateway for India to connect with other nations.
However, S. Gopal does not say that English should replace Indian languages. He clearly
suggests that English and Indian languages must coexist. Regional languages should be
strengthened, promoted, and respected, but English must continue as a powerful tool of
communication and opportunity.
Thus, S. Gopal visualizes a future where English remains strong, useful, and necessary in
India—not as a symbol of colonial domination but as a practical means of empowerment,
progress, and global unity.
(ii) Work culture in Hindi Cinema and its effects upon artists in ‘An Address’
The essay “An Address” throws light on the reality of the Hindi film industry, commonly
known as Bollywood. It talks about the lifestyle, working habits, emotional struggles, and
psychological pressure faced by artists working in Hindi cinema.
The work culture of Hindi cinema is glamorous from outside, but extremely stressful,
uncertain, and demanding from inside. Artists are always under pressure to remain
attractive, popular, and successful. Their lives revolve around cameras, lights, rehearsals,
shooting schedules, publicity events, and constant public attention.
One major feature of the Hindi film industry’s work culture is lack of stability. Unlike regular
jobs, film artists do not have permanent employment. Their success depends on market
trends, audience response, and luck. Today they may be stars; tomorrow they may be
forgotten. This constant fear of losing fame creates mental and emotional insecurity.
Another problem is commercialization. Creativity often becomes secondary, while money
and popularity become primary goals. Producers focus more on profit than art. This leads to
artificial stories, repeated themes, and pressure on actors to fit into stereotypical roles
rather than creative expression.
The essay also highlights physical and psychological stress. Long shooting hours, irregular
sleep, strict diet control, heavy makeup, and emotional strain affect artists deeply. They
must always smile before the camera, even when they are sad or struggling in real life. They
lose privacy because their personal lives constantly become public discussions.
This work culture also leads to loneliness, broken relationships, depression, and sometimes
addiction. Many artists fail to handle fame as well as failure. Their emotional life becomes
unstable.
Easy2Siksha.com
Thus, “An Address” exposes that behind the glittering world of Hindi cinema lies a world of
pressure, insecurity, artificiality, and emotional suffering. The essay reminds us that film
stars are human beings who experience pain, struggle, and vulnerability like ordinary
people.
(iii) Tagore’s conception of India in ‘Society and State’
Rabindranath Tagore, in “Society and State,” presents a beautiful and thoughtful conception
of India. He does not see India as just a political territory or a government-controlled nation.
Instead, he visualizes India as a spiritual, cultural, and human civilization shaped by values
of unity, tolerance, and harmony.
For Tagore, true India lives not in political institutions but in its people, traditions, villages,
and social relationships. He emphasizes that Indian society has historically welcomed
different cultures, races, and religions. India is not built on hatred or domination but on
acceptance, co-existence, and synthesis of diverse cultures.
Tagore warns against the Western idea of nationalism that focuses only on power,
competition, and political authority. He fears that blind imitation of Western political
nationalism may destroy India’s cultural soul. According to him, India should not become a
machine-driven political state; instead, it should remain a moral and cultural society.
He dreams of an India where people live with dignity, justice, and equality. He wants Indians
to respect their cultural heritage while remaining open to knowledge from the world.
Tagore believes in humanism—the idea that all human beings are connected beyond
boundaries of caste, religion, and region.
Thus, Tagore’s conception of India is that of a spiritually rich, morally strong, culturally
diverse, and socially united nation, where humanity is valued more than political power.
(iv) Why sports create animosity among nations in Orwell’s ‘The Sporting Spirit’
George Orwell, in his essay “The Sporting Spirit,” challenges the romantic belief that sports
promote friendship and peace among nations. Instead, he argues that modern competitive
sports often create hatred, rivalry, and bitterness between countries.
According to Orwell, sports have become highly political. They are no longer simply games
played for enjoyment; they are contests of national pride and superiority. Whenever two
rival nations compete, the match becomes a symbolic war. Victory fills one nation with
arrogance, while defeat fills the other with anger and humiliation.
Sports encourage aggressive emotions like jealousy, nationalism, hostility, and revenge.
Crowds do not simply watch sports; they emotionally participate in them. They shout,
Easy2Siksha.com
abuse, insult, and even physically fight in extreme situations. Newspapers and media further
increase tension by sensationalizing results.
Orwell believes that instead of promoting peace, sports often deepen political conflicts.
International matches sometimes worsen diplomatic relations. Athletes become
representatives of national ego, not just players. Winning becomes everything, and the
spirit of sportsmanship disappears.
Therefore, Orwell concludes that when sports become linked with nationalism, politics, and
mass emotion, they stop being friendly games and turn into sources of hatred and
international hostility.
(b) Aempt any One of the following quesons
(i) Summarize in your own words the ideas contained in E.M. Foster's essay 'Tolerance'.
Ans: Summary of E. M. Forster’s Essay “Tolerance” (In Simple Words)
E. M. Forster’s essay “Tolerance” is a deeply thoughtful reflection on human behavior,
society, and the values needed to keep civilization alive. The essay was written at a time
when the world had experienced terrible destruction, hatred, and violence because of wars
and conflicts. Forster observes that humanity has failed repeatedly to live together
peacefully, and therefore he suggests a practical solution—tolerance.
He begins by talking about love, because many religious and moral teachings emphasize
love as the greatest virtue. Love is considered a noble feeling, something very high and
spiritual. However, Forster honestly admits that love is not always easy to practice in daily
life. People do not naturally love everyone. We may love our family, some friends, or a few
people around us, but it is extremely difficult to love complete strangers, communities, or
nations that differ from us. Expecting universal love in everyday life is therefore unrealistic.
Since love is too idealistic and too demanding, Forster suggests that society must depend on
another, more practical virtue—tolerance. Tolerance, according to him, is not a very
glamorous or heroic quality. It is not as emotionally powerful as love. It may even appear
dull and ordinary. Yet, it is absolutely essential for the survival of civilization. Without
tolerance, humans cannot live together peacefully.
Tolerance as a Practical Value
Forster argues that modern society is made up of different kinds of people. They have
different languages, cultures, religions, customs, political views, and lifestyles. It is
impossible for everyone to think alike or agree on everything. Differences are natural and
unavoidable. The real problem begins when people refuse to accept these differences and
try to dominate, suppress, or destroy others. This leads to hatred, violence, riots, wars, and
endless suffering.
Easy2Siksha.com
Here is where tolerance becomes important. Tolerance means allowing others to exist
peacefully even when we disagree with them. It does not demand admiration or affection.
It simply requires acceptance and respect for others’ right to live and think differently.
According to Forster, tolerance is the foundation on which peaceful society must stand.
Lessons from History
Forster reminds readers that history gives countless examples of conflicts created by
intolerance. Nations have fought brutal wars. Communities have turned against each other.
Human beings have killed in the name of religion, race, and political differences. Europe,
especially, witnessed horrifying violence in the twentieth century because people could not
tolerate each other’s existence.
From these tragedies, Forster believes, humanity must learn a lesson: if we do not cultivate
tolerance, we will destroy civilization again and again. Instead of repeating past mistakes,
people must behave more wisely in the future.
Tolerance is Needed in Daily Life
Another important idea Forster expresses is that tolerance is not only required in
government, politics, or international relations—it is equally important in everyday life. The
world does not collapse only through great wars; it also collapses through everyday hatred,
anger, jealousy, and narrow-mindedness.
Forster emphasizes that tolerance begins at home. It should be practiced in families,
neighborhoods, workplaces, classrooms, and social interactions. If people learn to be
patient, calm, and understanding in small everyday situations, society as a whole becomes
more peaceful. Small acts of tolerance slowly create a culture of mutual respect.
Tolerance vs. Bigotry
Forster also warns against bigotry and arrogance. Bigotry means blindly believing that only
one’s own religion, race, or opinion is correct while everything else is wrong. Such a mindset
automatically produces hatred. Intolerant people refuse to listen to others or understand
different viewpoints. This mental rigidity becomes dangerous when it influences large
groups, political leaders, or religious authorities.
To counter this, Forster suggests reason and sympathy. Humans must use their minds and
hearts together. They must think rationally instead of blindly following prejudice. At the
same time, they must develop emotional sensitivity toward others.
Tolerance as a Social Duty
Forster does not present tolerance as a luxury or a moral decoration. He presents it as a
duty. Society cannot function without it. Just like laws, education, and institutions, tolerance
is necessary to maintain order.
Easy2Siksha.com
He believes governments and institutions should encourage tolerance through education
and social policies. Children must be trained to respect diversity. Instead of teaching blind
obedience or narrow nationalism, schools and families should teach understanding and
acceptance.
Tolerance and Democracy
Forster also connects tolerance with democracy. Democracy survives only when people
respect differences of opinion. If every disagreement turns into hatred or violence,
democracy collapses. Discussion, debate, and peaceful coexistence are only possible when
tolerance exists.
He explains that even criticism should be accepted tolerantly, because criticizing ideas is not
the same as hating people. A healthy society allows discussion without fear or hostility.
Tolerance as Hope for the Future
Towards the end of the essay, Forster expresses hope. He believes that although humanity
has made many mistakes, it can still improve. If people consciously practice tolerance,
future generations may live in a world free from destructive hate. Civilization can become
stronger and more humane.
However, he reminds readers that tolerance requires effort. It is not automatic. People must
deliberately cultivate it in their hearts and behavior.
Conclusion
E. M. Forster’s essay “Tolerance” is a powerful reminder that the survival of civilization
depends not on heroic love or emotional idealism, but on the simple, steady practice of
tolerance. He argues that tolerance is practical, realistic, and necessary in a world full of
differences. It helps prevent hatred, conflict, and violence, and allows society to live
peacefully and progressively.
Forster’s message remains relevant even today. In a world still troubled by religious
conflicts, political hatred, cultural intolerance, and social divisions, his call for tolerance is
not just advice—it is a warning and a hope for humanity’s future.
(ii) Give in your own words Sant Singh Sekhon's thoughts in his essay 'I Believe'.
Ans: Sant Singh Sekhon’s Thoughts in “I Believe” (In Simple Words)
Sant Singh Sekhon’s essay “I Believe” is a deeply thoughtful, philosophical, and inspiring
reflection on life, humanity, society, and moral values. In this essay, Sekhon shares what he
personally believes about the world, about human nature, and about how life should be
Easy2Siksha.com
lived with dignity and purpose. The essay is not simply about religious belief; rather, it is
about belief in human values, social responsibility, courage, truth, and hope.
Sekhon begins by expressing that life is full of difficulties, struggles, uncertainties, and
challenges. Human beings do not always live in comfort or happiness. There is injustice,
suffering, inequality, exploitation, and emotional pain in the world. Yet, despite all these
negative realities, he believes that life is meaningful and worth living. What gives meaning
to life is not wealth or power, but human qualities and moral strength.
Belief in Humanity
One of the strongest ideas in the essay is Sekhon’s deep faith in humanity. He believes that
human beings have the power to shape the world. Even though people often commit
mistakes, commit sins, and behave selfishly, they are still capable of goodness, kindness,
sacrifice, cooperation, and love. According to Sekhon, the real hope for the future lies not in
miracles or divine intervention, but in human effort.
He believes that human beings possess inner strength. They can fight injustice, challenge
wrong traditions, oppose exploitation, and work to make society better. Humanity has the
capacity to change the world positively if people act with courage, honesty, and
determination.
Belief in Struggle and Effort
Sekhon does not believe in living an easy, passive life. For him, life becomes meaningful only
when one struggles for something noble. He believes that struggle is natural and necessary.
Without struggle, there is no growth, no achievement, and no progress. Those who fear
difficulty can never rise above ordinary life.
He believes in continuous effort, in working hard even when success is uncertain. According
to him, real greatness lies not simply in achieving success but in trying sincerely, standing
firmly for truth, and not giving up hope. Effort itself becomes a kind of moral victory.
Belief in Truth and Moral Courage
Another important idea in the essay is Sekhon’s belief in truth and moral courage. He
believes that people must have the courage to speak the truth, even when truth is
uncomfortable, painful, or dangerous. Many times, people prefer to remain silent out of
fear, convenience, or selfishness. But Sekhon believes that silence in the face of injustice is
equal to supporting injustice.
He believes that true strength lies in saying and doing what is right. Moral courage is not
shown only on battlefields or grand heroic events; it is shown in everyday actions, in small
acts of honesty, fairness, and responsibility. He encourages individuals to remain truthful to
themselves and to society.
Belief in Equality and Social Justice
Easy2Siksha.com
Sekhon’s essay also reflects a strong social consciousness. He believes that all human beings
deserve dignity and respect. No one should be humiliated because of poverty, caste,
religion, gender, or social position. He is deeply sensitive toward the sufferings of poor and
oppressed people. He wants a society where there is justice, fairness, and equal
opportunity.
According to him, society must not be built on selfishness or domination. Instead, it should
be built on cooperation, mutual help, and compassion. He believes that people must care
not only for themselves but for others too. A meaningful life is one where a person
contributes to the well-being of society, not merely his or her personal success.
Belief in Love and Brotherhood
For Sekhon, love and brotherhood are essential forces that hold humanity together. He
believes that hatred divides people, creates violence, and destroys peace. Love, on the
other hand, builds relationships, spreads happiness, and strengthens society.
He believes in human unity. All people, regardless of race, nation, caste, or class, belong to
one human family. He dreams of a world where people live with understanding, sympathy,
cooperation, and emotional connection.
Belief in Hope and Optimism
Despite acknowledging the dark realities of the world, Sekhon does not become hopeless or
pessimistic. Instead, he believes strongly in hope. Hope gives courage to continue struggle.
Hope inspires people to believe that change is possible and that the future can be brighter
than the present.
He believes that progress may be slow, but it is real. Human civilization has gradually moved
forward through knowledge, effort, and collective struggle. Therefore, despair is useless;
hope is necessary.
Belief in the Power of the Mind and Spirit
Sekhon also believes in the inner power of the human mind and spirit. He believes that the
strength of a person does not lie only in physical power or wealth, but in mental
determination, spiritual courage, and emotional resilience. A strong spirit can face
misfortune bravely, survive suffering, and still remain human, kind, and hopeful.
He believes that human beings must develop their minds, thoughts, and conscience.
Education, awareness, and reflection play an important role in shaping a meaningful life.
Conclusion
In “I Believe,” Sant Singh Sekhon presents a powerful and inspiring vision of life. He believes
in humanity, truth, struggle, courage, social justice, love, equality, and hope. His essay
Easy2Siksha.com
teaches that life is meaningful when it is lived with purpose, responsibility, and
compassion. He reminds us that the world can become better if individuals remain morally
strong, socially conscious, and emotionally humane.
Overall, Sekhon’s beliefs encourage us to live bravely, act rightly, think deeply, care for
others, and never lose faith in human goodness and possibility. This makes the essay not
just a personal statement of belief but also a moral guide for society.
4.(a) Aempt any Three of the following quesons. Each queson carries 4 marks.
(i) What is Dialeccal Materialism and which are its basic tenets?
(ii) What was the essenal theme of Punjabi poetry during the late 60's? What is bad in
this poetry?
(iii) Why according to S. Gopal, Indians need not fear English language?
(iv) Explain Foster's denion of tolerance. What are the two soluons which Foster
menons for solving the probelm of dierences in the modern world?
Ans: (i) Dialectical Materialism and Its Basic Tenets
Dialectical Materialism is a philosophical theory mainly associated with Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels. It explains how society develops, changes, and moves forward. The term
“materialism” means that the real driving force of human life is material conditions such as
economic systems, class structure, production of goods, and ownership of resources—not
religion, supernatural powers, or abstract ideas. Human thinking, beliefs, and culture grow
out of material realities, not the other way around.
The word “dialectical” refers to the idea that change happens through conflict of opposites.
Society is never static; it is full of contradictions—such as rich vs poor, ruler vs ruled,
exploiter vs exploited. These contradictions clash, create struggle, and finally produce a new
social order.
Basic Tenets of Dialectical Materialism
1. Materialism as the Basis of Life
Economic and material conditions determine social life, politics, law, religion, art,
morality, and culture.
2. Change Through Contradiction
Society develops because of internal conflicts between opposing social forces,
especially between different economic classes.
3. Class Struggle
History is a history of class conflict. Every stage of civilization shows a struggle
between those who own property and those who do not.
Easy2Siksha.com
4. Historical Progress
Human society moves through stages such as primitive society → slavery →
feudalism → capitalism → socialism. Each stage collapses due to contradictions
within it.
5. Practical Action
Humans do not only think—they act. Real social change comes through human
struggle and revolutionary activity.
Thus, Dialectical Materialism is not just theory; it is a guide to understand society and
transform it.
(ii) Essential Theme of Punjabi Poetry of the Late 60s and What Was Bad in It
Punjabi poetry of the late 1960s reflected the social, political, and emotional atmosphere
of the time. This period came after great social and political disturbances—Partition
memories, economic hardship, rising urbanization, and cultural change. Many poets turned
inward and expressed loneliness, emotional pain, confusion, and frustration. The poetry
often showed a sense of disillusionment with society, a feeling that life was losing meaning.
Another theme was romanticism and escapism. Instead of focusing strongly on social
problems and collective struggles, many poets expressed personal sorrow, love tragedies,
and emotional disappointments. The poetry highlighted despair, helplessness, broken
relationships, and moral emptiness.
What Was Bad in This Poetry?
Critics argue that much of this poetry lacked social commitment. Earlier Punjabi literature
had a strong progressive direction and addressed real social problems such as poverty,
exploitation, inequality, and oppression. But the late 60s poetry often turned away from
these realities. It became self-centered, overly emotional, and sometimes artificial. Some
poems promoted pessimism, hopelessness, and a weakening of moral strength. Instead of
inspiring society, this poetry sometimes encouraged escapism and emotional weakness.
So although it expressed genuine feelings, critics feel it failed to guide society in a strong
and positive direction.
(iii) Why Indians Need Not Fear English According to S. Gopal
S. Gopal strongly believes that Indians should not fear the English language. Many people
think English is a colonial symbol that threatens Indian identity. But Gopal explains that
English is no longer a foreign ruler’s language; it has become a powerful tool for progress.
Easy2Siksha.com
First, English acts as a link language among Indians themselves. India has hundreds of
languages and no single language can unite everyone emotionally and practically. English
works as a neutral language connecting people from different states.
Second, English is the language of modern knowledge—science, technology, medicine,
engineering, higher education, and research. Most global literature and information are
available in English. Without it, India would become isolated from modern development.
Third, English connects India to the global community. It provides opportunities for jobs,
international relations, business, and cultural exchange.
However, Gopal also clarifies that English is not meant to replace Indian languages. Instead,
English and regional languages must coexist. Therefore, English is not a danger—it is an
asset.
(iv) Forster’s Definition of Tolerance and His Two Solutions for Modern Differences
E. M. Forster defines tolerance as the ability to allow others to exist peacefully, even when
we disagree with them. Tolerance is not emotional love; it is a calm, reasonable acceptance
of differences. It requires patience, self-control, and respect for others’ rights.
Forster argues that in a world full of diversity—different religions, races, cultures, and
opinions—people cannot always love each other. Love is ideal but difficult. So instead of
expecting universal love, society must at least practice tolerance to avoid violence and
hatred.
Two Solutions Forster Mentions
1. Love
This is the ideal solution. If people could truly love one another, the world would be
perfect. But Forster admits that this is unrealistic for everyone in everyday life.
2. Tolerance
This is the practical and workable solution. Even if we cannot love everyone, we can
still practice tolerance. It helps prevent conflicts, promotes peaceful coexistence,
and keeps civilization alive.
Thus, Forster presents tolerance as the real foundation of a peaceful modern world.
Conclusion
These four answers together highlight important philosophical, literary, social, and moral
ideas: Marx’s Dialectical Materialism explains social change; Punjabi poetry of the 60s
reflects emotional crisis; S. Gopal shows English as strength, not threat; and Forster reminds
Easy2Siksha.com
us that tolerance is essential for human survival. All these ideas help us understand society,
literature, and human values better.
(b) Aempt any One of the following quesons:
(i) Detail the ideas contained in the essay 'Society and State' wrien by Rabindranath
Tagore.
Ans: Ideas Contained in Tagore’s Essay “Society and State”
Rabindranath Tagore’s essay “Society and State” is a thoughtful and philosophical reflection
on the nature of human society, the role of the State, and the relationship between the two.
Tagore examines how human beings naturally form societies and how the State, as a
political system, later develops. He also highlights the differences between the spirit of
society and the mechanical nature of the State. Through this essay, Tagore warns humanity
against allowing the State to dominate human life, values, and relationships.
Human Society as a Natural Creation
According to Tagore, society is not something artificially created; it develops naturally.
Human beings are social by nature. From birth, they live within families and communities.
They share emotions such as love, sympathy, cooperation, and mutual understanding.
Society evolves gradually through relationships, cultural traditions, moral values, religious
beliefs, customs, and shared living.
Society is therefore based on love, cooperation, and mutual help. It fulfils emotional,
cultural, and spiritual needs. It binds people with affection, not with force. It grows like a
living organism, shaping human character and personality.
The State as a Mechanical System
Tagore then distinguishes society from the State. The State, he says, is not a natural
outcome of human emotions but a mechanical and political creation. It came into existence
to maintain law, order, discipline, and security. It deals with administrative matters such as
governance, taxation, defense, and justice.
Unlike society, the State is based on power, authority, and control. It is concerned with
rules, regulations, and political organization rather than emotional and moral values. It
works through institutions such as courts, armies, police, and governments.
Easy2Siksha.com
Thus, where society is human, emotional, and life-giving, the State is impersonal, rigid, and
mechanical.
Conflict Between Society and State
Tagore observes that although both society and the State exist together, their goals and
natures are often different, which creates tension. Society promotes love, unity, creativity,
culture, and humanity, while the State often focuses on political power, military strength,
and administrative control.
The real danger begins when the State becomes too powerful and starts controlling all
aspects of human life, interfering even in areas that should belong to society—such as
culture, morality, religion, education, and human relationships. When this happens, the
natural spirit of society weakens.
Nationalism and the Rise of the Powerful State
Tagore wrote this essay during a time when Western nationalism was rising strongly,
especially in Europe. Nations were competing for political power, making armies stronger,
conquering other lands, and spreading imperialism. He saw how nationalism turned into
arrogance, hatred, and war.
According to Tagore, Western nationalism created huge, organized, powerful States that
demanded complete loyalty from their citizens. People were made to think that the glory of
the State was more important than human life, morality, or compassion. This blind worship
of the State resulted in destructive wars and human suffering.
Tagore strongly criticizes this kind of nationalism because it turns human beings into mere
tools of the State rather than free moral individuals.
India’s Cultural Vision vs. Political Nationalism
Tagore contrasts the Western idea of nationalism with India’s spirit. He believes that India
historically emphasized spirituality, tolerance, cultural unity, and respect for humanity.
Indian civilization survived not because of political power, but because of its ability to
absorb different cultures and live harmoniously.
India’s true strength, according to Tagore, lies in human relationships, cultural richness,
and moral values, not in building an aggressive political State. Therefore, India should not
blindly imitate Western nationalism. Instead, it should preserve its spiritual heritage and
humanistic values.
Easy2Siksha.com
Tagore’s Fear of the All-Powerful State
Tagore fears that if the State dominates life completely, humans will lose their individuality,
sympathy, and creativity. People will forget love, compassion, and moral duty and become
emotionless citizens serving political ambitions. Society will become mechanical, like the
State itself.
He warns that the State often encourages competition, hatred, and violence between
nations. It glorifies war and sacrifices human lives in the name of national pride. When the
State becomes supreme, humanity suffers.
Need for Balance
Tagore does not say that the State is useless. He acknowledges that it is necessary to
maintain order, security, and administration. But he firmly believes that the State must
never overpower society. The emotional, moral, and cultural life of people must remain
free from political domination.
Society must remain the heart of human civilization, nurturing values like love, generosity,
cooperation, understanding, and spiritual fulfillment. The State must remain only a
supportive structure, not the master of human life.
Humanism as the Foundation
At the core of the essay lies Tagore’s belief in humanism. He sees humanity as one large
family. Nations, states, and political identities are secondary. Human love, morality,
compassion, and respect are primary. The world will become peaceful only when humans
place society and humanity above political power.
Tagore dreams of a world where:
• People value each other as human beings, not as citizens of rival states
• Culture and morality guide societies
• Political systems serve humanity, not control it
• The spirit of unity and compassion replaces hatred and competition
Conclusion
In “Society and State,” Rabindranath Tagore beautifully explains the contrast between the
living, emotional society and the rigid, political State. Society grows naturally out of human
Easy2Siksha.com
love and cooperation, while the State is an artificial system created to maintain discipline
and order. Tagore warns against allowing the State to dominate human life, as excessive
nationalism and state power can destroy humanity, morality, and peace.
He emphasizes that India’s true identity lies in its cultural unity, spirituality, and human
values—not in political aggression. Ultimately, Tagore advocates humanism, love,
tolerance, and moral unity as the guiding principles of civilization. His message remains
relevant even today, reminding the world to value humanity above political power.
Or
(ii) What are the observaons of Balraj Sahni in his Convocaon Address?
Ans: Observations of Balraj Sahni in His Convocation Address
Balraj Sahni’s Convocation Address is one of the most inspiring and thought-provoking
speeches delivered to young graduates. In this address, Sahni shares his life experiences,
observations about society, reflections on success and failure, and his expectations from the
younger generation. His speech is not simply a ceremonial congratulation. Instead, it is a
sincere and emotional message filled with wisdom, realism, and deep concern for the future
of India.
1. Education Should Shape Character, Not Just Career
Balraj Sahni begins by reminding students that education is not just about earning degrees
or securing jobs. True education must build character, sensitivity, humility, and humanity.
He criticizes a system that produces graduates who only aim at high salaries and luxurious
lifestyles without thinking about society. According to him, education should teach students
values like responsibility, moral courage, compassion, discipline, and respect for others.
He emphasizes that a truly educated person is not one who is proud of his knowledge but
one who remains humble and grounded. Education should make students better human
beings, not arrogant intellectuals.
2. Importance of Hard Work and Struggle
Balraj Sahni strongly believes that success has no shortcuts. He speaks about struggle,
saying that life tests everyone, and real strength of character is revealed when a person
faces challenges bravely. He warns students not to expect an easy life after receiving their
degrees. The world outside the university is competitive, harsh, and demanding.
He also shares from his own experience that the path to success is full of failures,
disappointments, and hardships. But instead of getting discouraged, one must learn from
Easy2Siksha.com
every difficulty. Only constant effort, patience, and determination can lead to meaningful
success.
3. Illusion of Fame, Glamour, and Success
Being a famous film actor himself, Sahni openly talks about the false glamour associated
with the film world and popular culture. People think celebrities live perfect lives filled with
joy, comfort, and luxury. But Sahni reveals the other side — the loneliness, insecurity,
pressure, and emotional struggle behind success.
He says that fame is temporary and artificial. Real happiness does not come from applause
or public popularity. Instead, true satisfaction comes from purposeful work, sincerity, and
social contribution. By sharing this, he warns students not to blindly chase glamour, wealth,
and showy success. Instead, they should look for deeper meaning in life.
4. Responsibility Towards Society and Nation
One of the most powerful observations in his address is his appeal to students to think
beyond themselves. He reminds them that they are privileged to receive education when
millions in India remain poor, illiterate, and deprived. Therefore, educated youth have a
moral duty towards their society and nation.
He urges them to serve people rather than exploit them. Instead of using education only for
personal benefit, they must use it to uplift the weak, improve society, and contribute to
national progress. According to him, real greatness lies not in material achievements but in
selfless service and dedication to humanity.
5. Need for Self-Discipline and Self-Reflection
Balraj Sahni observes that modern youth often become impatient, restless, and careless.
They desire quick success without effort. He criticizes such an attitude and stresses the
importance of self-discipline. He believes that discipline is essential for personal growth and
national development.
He also talks about self-reflection—the ability to honestly examine one’s own weaknesses
and mistakes. Without introspection, no person can improve. Sahni encourages students to
regularly question themselves:
“Am I useful to others?”
“Am I honest to myself?”
“Am I living a meaningful life?”
Such self-questioning leads to maturity and wisdom.
Easy2Siksha.com
6. Humility and Simplicity as Greatest Virtues
Another important observation Sahni shares is about the values of simplicity and humility.
He condemns arrogance, pride, and ego. According to him, a truly successful person is
simple in behavior and respectful towards everyone, whether rich or poor.
He reminds students that humility does not weaken a person; rather, it makes him strong,
respected, and admirable. A proud and egoistic person isolates himself, whereas a humble
person wins hearts and contributes positively to society.
7. Humanity Above Everything
Balraj Sahni believes that beyond religion, caste, profession, nationality, or social status, the
most important identity of a person is being human. He highlights love, kindness,
compassion, and emotional sensitivity as the real strengths of civilization.
He tells students that the world already has enough hatred, violence, division, and
selfishness. What it needs today is people who can spread love, peace, understanding, and
unity. If educated youth do not develop human feelings, their education is meaningless.
8. Hope and Faith in the Youth
Despite pointing out weaknesses and dangers, Balraj Sahni does not sound hopeless. He has
strong faith in the capability of young people. He believes that youth are energetic, creative,
idealistic, and full of potential. If they use their abilities positively, they can change the
nation.
He ends his address with encouragement, asking students to dream big but remain humane,
disciplined, hardworking, and socially responsible.
Conclusion
Balraj Sahni’s Convocation Address is more than a speech—it is a heartfelt message from an
experienced human being to the younger generation standing at the threshold of life. His
observations revolve around education, humility, social duty, humanity, hard work,
discipline, and moral responsibility. Through personal wisdom and emotional sincerity, he
guides students to live meaningful lives and become responsible citizens.
Easy2Siksha.com
His message remains relevant even today. In a world obsessed with wealth, fame, and
competition, Balraj Sahni reminds us that the real purpose of life lies in humanity, service,
integrity, and character.
SECTION-C
5. (a) Aempt any Three of the following quesons. Each queson carries 4 marks.
(1) Write a thumbnail sketch of the drover in the story 'The Drover's Wife'.
(ii) What is the fantascal ending woven by Grannie for the fairy tale in the story 'Once
There Was A King?
(iii) Does Mangal Singh feel guilt when he was pulled up by the Thanedar? Do you
sympathise with him?
(iv) What would you say that the father was lonely or was the daughter lonely on the basis
of your reading the story 'Jasmine's Father'?
Ans: (i) Thumbnail Sketch of the Drover in “The Drover’s Wife”
In Henry Lawson’s short story “The Drover’s Wife,” the drover himself does not appear
directly; however, we can understand his character through his absence and responsibility.
The drover is a hardworking man who travels far away with his sheep and cattle, leaving his
wife and children alone in the lonely Australian bush. His livelihood depends on constant
movement, and this nature of work forces him to stay away from his family for long periods.
He is portrayed as someone who trusts his wife deeply. He believes in her courage and
strength to handle the harsh environment, dangerous animals, loneliness, and difficult
situations. This confidence indicates that he knows his wife is brave, sensible, and
emotionally strong. At the same time, his absence also highlights his helplessness. He is not
careless; rather, circumstances compel him to leave his family in isolation.
The drover represents thousands of working-class men of the time who sacrificed family
comfort to ensure survival. He is emotionally connected to his family even though he is
physically away. His character indirectly reveals love, responsibility, helplessness, and trust.
Thus, the drover is symbolically a hardworking protector whose silent presence is always
felt, even in his absence.
(ii) The Fantastical Ending Woven by Grannie in “Once There Was a King”
Rabindranath Tagore’s story “Once There Was a King” beautifully captures a child’s
imagination and a grandmother’s storytelling magic. In the story, a little boy eagerly waits
Easy2Siksha.com
for a fairy tale. His Grannie begins narrating a story about a king, but before the story can
properly develop, she falls asleep. The child refuses to let the story end incompletely.
Instead, he uses his imaginative power to create a magical ending.
According to the fantastical ending imagined with Grannie’s inspiration, the king goes on a
grand adventure filled with mystery, magic, and beautiful incidents. The tale transforms into
a dream-like fantasy where the king enters a world of wonders, splendor, and joyful
surprises. This ending is not logical or realistic; rather, it is full of innocence and creativity. It
shows the limitless nature of a child’s mind, which does not believe in incomplete stories.
The fantastical ending symbolizes the joy of imagination, childish enthusiasm, and the
emotional bond between the grandmother and the child. Although Grannie sleeps, her story
continues to live through the boy’s mind. The fairy tale world becomes a comfort, a dream,
and a source of happiness for the child. Thus, the ending reflects the magical power of
storytelling, where imagination completes what reality leaves unfinished.
(iii) Does Mangal Singh Feel Guilt? Do We Sympathize With Him?
In the story, Mangal Singh is presented as a man who tries to manipulate situations for his
benefit. When he is pulled up by the Thanedar, he does feel a sense of temporary
nervousness and fear, but he does not genuinely experience guilt in a moral sense. His
reaction appears to be more out of fear of punishment rather than regret for wrongdoing.
Mangal Singh’s character represents a section of society that sometimes chooses dishonest
shortcuts due to personal needs, greed, or frustration. He tries to justify his actions but does
not truly repent. His guilt is superficial and momentary; once the threat of punishment
passes, his sense of wrongdoing disappears. This shows that he lacks moral sincerity.
Do we sympathize with him? Our sympathy remains limited. On one hand, we understand
that social, economic, and emotional pressures sometimes push individuals into
questionable actions. On the other hand, Mangal Singh’s selfishness and irresponsibility
weaken sympathy. He knowingly takes a wrong path and tries to escape consequences.
Thus, while we may understand his behaviour as part of human weakness shaped by
circumstances, complete sympathy is difficult because he lacks genuine remorse and moral
responsibility.
(iv) Was the Father Lonely or the Daughter Lonely in “Jasmine’s Father”?
In the story “Jasmine’s Father,” loneliness plays a central emotional role. Both the father
and the daughter experience loneliness, but in different ways. The father’s loneliness is
deep, silent, and emotional. He is a sensitive man who deeply loves his daughter, Jasmine.
However, he often feels ignored and overshadowed by modern society and changing
Easy2Siksha.com
relationships. He longs for affection, understanding, and emotional connection. His
loneliness reflects a parent’s silent pain when their child begins drifting away emotionally.
On the other hand, Jasmine also experiences loneliness, but hers arises from emotional
confusion and distance from her father. She lives in her own world, shaped by youthful
energy, independence, and new experiences. Though she loves her father, she fails to fully
understand his emotional needs. This emotional gap creates loneliness within her as well,
especially when she realizes the depth of her father’s silent love.
However, between the two, the father’s loneliness appears more intense and moving. He
suffers in silence, without complaint. His love is selfless and pure, yet he remains
emotionally isolated. Jasmine’s loneliness is secondary and realized later, whereas the
father’s loneliness remains constant and painful.
Thus, on the basis of the story, we can say that the father is more lonely. His emotional
isolation and suppressed feelings make his loneliness more powerful and heartbreaking.
Conclusion
All four answers reveal deep human emotions and meaningful themes:
• The drover symbolizes responsibility and silent sacrifice.
• Grannie’s fairy tale shows imagination’s beauty and childhood wonder.
• Mangal Singh reflects human weakness and moral struggle.
• “Jasmine’s Father” highlights emotional loneliness in family relationships.
Together, these stories portray life’s emotional realities—love, trust, imagination, guilt,
responsibility, and loneliness—making literature meaningful and relatable.
(b) Aempt any One of the following quesons:
(i) Do you think the tle 'The Bath' is appropriate for the story? Give reasons for your
answer.
Ans: Yes, the title “The Bath” is highly appropriate and deeply meaningful because it does
not merely refer to an ordinary act of bathing, but symbolizes fear, helplessness, isolation,
aging, and the struggle for survival. The story revolves around an elderly woman who tries
to do something as simple as taking a bath, yet this everyday activity turns into a terrifying
experience that reveals the harsh reality of old age.
At first glance, the title may appear very simple and ordinary. “Bath” is a daily routine that
almost every person performs without much thought. However, in the context of the story,
Easy2Siksha.com
the bath is not a routine—it becomes an emotional battlefield. It becomes a life-
threatening challenge. Therefore, the simplicity of the title actually highlights the tragedy of
the situation: something so basic and normal becomes dangerous and frightening when a
person becomes physically weak and emotionally lonely.
Symbol of Aging and Physical Weakness
The bath represents the protagonist’s physical struggle. As people grow old, their bodies
become weak. Activities that once required no effort now demand great strength. In the
story, the bathtub is high, slippery, and difficult for the old woman to handle. Getting into
the bath is difficult, but the real horror begins when she cannot get out. Her body refuses to
support her; her strength fails; panic begins to rise.
Through this moment, the bath symbolizes the helplessness of old age. It shows how aging
reduces independence. The woman realizes that her body is no longer supportive, and she
begins to understand that life can no longer be taken for granted. Thus, the bath is not
about cleanliness; it is about the terrifying realization that she has lost control over her life.
Symbol of Isolation and Loneliness
Another powerful aspect reflected through the bath is loneliness. The old woman lives
alone. There is no one around to help her. During her struggle, she calls out, but nobody
hears her. This silence is painful. It represents how society often forgets elderly people. Even
though she is alive, she feels invisible.
The bathtub becomes a prison, and the bathroom becomes a symbol of her emotional
isolation. She is trapped not only physically but emotionally. She begins to understand that
if something happens to her, no one would immediately know. This realization fills the story
with sadness and fear. Therefore, the bath beautifully symbolizes the emotional isolation
that many elderly people face.
A Moment of Existential Fear
The bath also represents a moment of existential fear, meaning fear about life itself. When
she feels trapped in the bathtub, she begins to fear death. The thought that she may die
there, silently and helplessly, surrounds her mind. She begins to realize how close death can
be. This is not just a physical struggle; it is a psychological crisis.
Thus, the bath becomes a turning point in her mental state. She is forced to confront her
mortality. The bathtub becomes a space where she meets her deepest fear—the fear of
dying alone and unnoticed.
Representation of Lost Dignity
In youth, bathing is associated with freshness, comfort, and relaxation. But here, it becomes
humiliating and painful. The woman feels weak, dependent, and ashamed of her helpless
body. Old age often takes away dignity, and the bath represents this loss powerfully. The
title captures this bitter change in meaning—from comfort to helplessness.
Easy2Siksha.com
Realism and Emotional Impact
The simplicity of the title also increases the emotional impact of the story. It makes readers
think: if something as simple as a bath can become so frightening, what must the rest of her
life feel like? The title forces the reader to look deeper, to understand that aging can
transform even the simplest activity into danger. The ordinariness of the title contrasts with
the intensity of the experience, making it emotionally powerful.
Central Event of the Story
Structurally, too, the title is appropriate because the bath is the central event around which
the whole story is built. Everything that the woman feels—fear, weakness, loneliness,
helplessness—unfolds inside the bathroom. If this bath had not taken place, the story would
not exist. So the title directly reflects the heart of the narrative.
Metaphorical Meaning
Beyond its literal meaning, “The Bath” is also metaphorical. It represents the journey from
independence to dependence, from confidence to fear, from life to the shadow of death.
Just as water surrounds her body, fear surrounds her life. The bath almost becomes a
symbol of life washing away slowly, leaving her more fragile than before.
Conclusion
Therefore, the title “The Bath” is completely suitable and meaningful. It is simple yet deeply
symbolic. It highlights the main action of the story while revealing the deeper themes of
aging, fear, loneliness, helplessness, and vulnerability. The bath is not just an activity; it is
the center of the old woman’s emotional and physical crisis. It reflects the universal truth
that aging is not merely about growing old but about facing new struggles every day.
Or
(ii) The story 'Jasmine's Father' is centered on generaonal dierences and perspecves.
Discuss.
Ans: “Jasmine’s Father”: A Study of Generational Differences and Perspectives
The story “Jasmine’s Father” beautifully explores the emotional, cultural, and psychological
gap that often exists between parents and children belonging to two different generations.
It reflects how changing times, new environments, and evolving values can create
misunderstandings, emotional distance, and silent tension within families. The story
highlights not only the differences in thinking but also the deep love hidden beneath these
conflicts.
The central theme revolves around how Jasmine and her father see the world differently.
Their experiences, expectations, beliefs, and dreams do not match, which leads to constant
Easy2Siksha.com
friction. However, the narrative is not simply about conflict; it is also about understanding,
acceptance, and the silent love that binds them.
Traditional Father vs Modern Daughter
Jasmine’s father belongs to an older generation, shaped by traditional values, discipline,
and a strong sense of responsibility. His life is guided by principles such as respect for elders,
obedience, social reputation, and moral duty. For him, the world is strict, structured, and
predictable. Children, in his belief, must listen to their parents, follow their guidance, and
maintain the dignity of the family.
On the other hand, Jasmine represents the new generation, shaped by modern education,
exposure to new cultures, and a desire for personal freedom. She believes in individuality,
emotional expression, self-choice, and independent thinking. She questions traditions
instead of blindly accepting them. To her, happiness and self-fulfillment are important,
sometimes even more than social expectations.
Thus, the father stands for tradition, while Jasmine stands for change. Their personalities
symbolise two different worlds trying to coexist within the same household.
Conflict of Expectations
A major source of generational conflict in the story is expectation. Jasmine’s father expects
her to behave according to cultural norms and social expectations. He believes that his role
as a father gives him not just authority but also the responsibility to shape her life decisions.
His intentions are not cruel; he genuinely believes he is protecting her and securing her
future.
However, Jasmine sees these expectations as restrictions. She feels emotionally suffocated
by rules, discipline, and constant monitoring. She wants to explore life, make mistakes, learn
from them, and create her own identity. What her father considers “guidance,” Jasmine
often experiences as “control.”
This difference creates emotional distance, misunderstandings, and silent frustration. Yet,
beneath this conflict lies a deep sense of love. The father’s strictness emerges from care,
while Jasmine’s rebellion emerges from a desire to live authentically.
Cultural and Social Perspectives
The story also highlights social pressure versus personal happiness. Jasmine’s father is
highly conscious of society. He worries about “what people will say,” how his family will be
Easy2Siksha.com
judged, and whether Jasmine’s actions will bring honor or shame. He believes reputation is
important for family survival, especially in traditional societies.
Jasmine, however, does not give the same importance to social judgement. Her world is
broader than the neighborhood or relatives. She believes life should be guided by inner
satisfaction, not public opinion. This difference shows how society shapes older generations
whereas individuality shapes newer generations.
Emotional Distance and Silent Love
Another powerful aspect of the story is the emotional gap between Jasmine and her father.
They rarely express their true feelings openly. The father is not expressive; he does not
show affection through words. His love appears as discipline, instructions, and silence.
Jasmine, however, belongs to a generation that values emotional openness. She wants
warmth, understanding, and emotional bonding.
This lack of communication widens the generational gap. Both care deeply for each other,
yet both fail to express it properly. This emotional silence is one of the most realistic and
relatable parts of the story. Many families experience this situation, where love exists but
expression is missing.
Identity, Freedom, and Individual Growth
The story also explores identity formation. Jasmine is at a stage of life where she is
discovering who she is. She wants to dream freely, choose her path, and build her own
future. But her father fears that too much freedom may ruin her life. He equates obedience
with safety.
This leads to a deeper philosophical conflict:
• The older generation believes safety comes from control.
• The younger generation believes growth comes from freedom.
This makes “Jasmine’s Father” not just a personal story but a symbolic representation of
every household where generations collide.
Understanding and Realization
As the story progresses, there is a slow transformation in understanding. Jasmine begins to
realize that her father’s strictness is rooted in love, fear, and concern. He is not her enemy;
he is simply a man shaped by a different time and experience. Similarly, the father gradually
Easy2Siksha.com
begins to understand that his daughter is not disrespectful; she is simply different, shaped
by a modern world he did not grow up in.
This gradual realization softens the conflict. It does not magically solve everything, but it
opens the door to empathy. The story beautifully conveys that generational differences
cannot always be erased, but they can be understood.
Universal Relevance
One of the reasons the story is powerful is because it reflects a universal human
experience. Every generation thinks differently from the previous one. Parents always
believe they know best, while children believe they deserve independence. This timeless
reality makes the story relatable to readers everywhere.
Conclusion
“Jasmine’s Father” is essentially a touching portrayal of generational conflict and emotional
complexity within a family. The story highlights cultural contrasts, emotional struggles,
communication gaps, and evolving values between a traditional father and a modern
daughter. Yet, beneath all misunderstandings lies a strong foundation of love and concern.
The narrative teaches that while generations may never think exactly alike, mutual respect,
patience, understanding, and emotional sensitivity can bridge the gap. Relationships grow
not by enforcing authority or breaking rules, but by learning to listen, empathize, and accept
one another.
Thus, the story beautifully captures the truth that generational differences are natural, but
love can transform conflict into connection.
6. (a) Aempt any Three of the following quesons. Each queson carries 4 marks.
(1) What happens to the princess aer her marriage in the story 'Once There Was A King'?
(ii) How does the weather aect Mangal Singh while he is on duty?
(iii) What does the father warn Jasmine of, which Jasmine takes lightly?
(iv) What is the signicance of Tommy's remark at the end of the story-Mother, I won't
never go drovin.....?
Easy2Siksha.com
Ans: (i) What happens to the princess after her marriage in the story “Once There Was A
King”?
Rabindranath Tagore’s story “Once There Was A King” beautifully combines fantasy,
innocence, imagination, and reality. In the story, a young boy narrates a fairy tale to his little
sister. The boy tries to create an attractive and magical story, but he does not actually know
how to complete it logically. So, when the sister asks what happens after the princess gets
married, he invents an interesting yet emotional ending.
According to the boy’s version of the story, after the princess gets married, she falls ill. Her
beautiful life turns into sadness because she suffers from a severe disease. The luxurious life
of the palace, the royal comfort, and the happiness of marriage suddenly become
meaningless because of her illness. Eventually, the princess dies. This shocking turn changes
the fairy tale into a tragic story.
The ending shows how innocent childhood imagination mixes joy and sorrow. Fairy tales
usually end with “happily ever after,” but Tagore deliberately breaks this convention.
Through the princess’s death, the story suggests that life is uncertain; happiness is
temporary; and reality does not always match dreams. The story also reflects how children's
imagination is free and unpredictable — not always sweet, but sometimes deeply
emotional.
(ii) How does the weather affect Mangal Singh while he is on duty?
In the story related to Mangal Singh, the weather plays a crucial role in shaping his
experiences, emotions, and struggles. Mangal Singh is a sincere, disciplined, and dutiful
watchman assigned to guard a lonely bridge. His duty is difficult, lonely, and demanding. But
what makes it worse is the harsh weather conditions he must face every single day.
The weather affects him physically and mentally. During winters, the severe cold winds
freeze his body. He has no proper shelter or comfort. The chilling night makes it extremely
difficult for him to stay awake and alert. During the rainy season, he is drenched in
rainwater, and the constant dampness weakens his health. In summer, the burning heat
becomes unbearable. The scorching sun drains his energy, yet his duty does not allow him
to rest.
Emotionally, the weather creates a strong sense of loneliness and isolation. Standing alone
at night in stormy or foggy weather frightens him. Darkness, silence, and terrible climatic
conditions increase psychological pressure. But despite this, Mangal Singh never abandons
his duty. He remains honest, loyal, and committed.
Thus, the weather symbolizes the hardships of life, the challenges of responsibility, and the
inner strength of a sincere man. It highlights his courage, endurance, and dedication to duty
even in the worst conditions.
Easy2Siksha.com
(iii) What does the father warn Jasmine of, which Jasmine takes lightly?
In the story concerning Jasmine, her father plays the role of a protector, guide, and moral
guardian. He knows the world better than Jasmine and tries to warn her about the dangers
and social realities of life. Jasmine, on the other hand, is young, free-spirited, and somewhat
careless.
Her father repeatedly warns her to be careful about her behavior, relationships, and
decisions. He especially cautions her against trusting people blindly. He reminds her that the
world is not as innocent or kind as she imagines. He knows that life demands maturity,
responsibility, and awareness. He fears that Jasmine’s careless attitude may one day cause
her pain or bring trouble.
However, Jasmine takes his warnings lightly. She thinks her father is overprotective. She
believes nothing bad can happen to her. Like many young people, she feels confident that
she understands life well and does not need constant advice.
This situation symbolizes the generation gap. Parents speak from experience, while children
react from emotion. Jasmine’s casual attitude also reflects youthful innocence and
overconfidence. Through this, the story conveys a moral lesson — we must listen to elders
because their guidance is shaped by wisdom and experience.
(iv) What is the significance of Tommy’s remark at the end of the story – “Mother, I won’t
never go drovin’…”?
Tommy’s remark at the end of the story is extremely powerful, emotional, and meaningful.
“Drovin’” refers to cattle driving — a hard, dangerous job requiring long journeys away from
home. Throughout the story, we see how droving life is full of hardships, separation,
uncertainty, and emotional suffering.
When Tommy says, “Mother, I won’t never go drovin’…” he is not just speaking casually. His
statement reflects:
1. Emotional Realization
Tommy realizes how painful droving life is. It demands staying away from loved ones for
long periods. It causes loneliness, insecurity, and emotional distance. He understands how
deeply his mother suffers whenever men leave home for droving.
2. Expression of Love and Responsibility
His words show his deep affection for his mother. He does not want to hurt her emotionally
like others who choose droving over family presence. He promises not to leave her alone.
This shows strong family bonding and sensitivity.
Easy2Siksha.com
3. Social Meaning
Droving symbolizes economic struggle. Men do it because they are forced by poverty, not
choice. Tommy rejects this life, expressing his desire for a more stable, peaceful future.
4. Symbol of Hope
His promise brings hope. It suggests that the next generation may choose emotional
security and family love over hardship and separation. It reflects a longing for a better life.
Thus, Tommy’s remark is not simply a child’s statement — it is an emotional declaration of
love, realization, maturity, and hope for a happier life.
Conclusion
Each of these stories explores human emotions, social reality, and moral understanding. The
tragic fate of the princess shows the unpredictability of life. Mangal Singh’s struggle shows
courage and duty against harsh circumstances. Jasmine’s story highlights the importance of
parental guidance, and Tommy’s promise reveals love, responsibility, and emotional
maturity. Together, these narratives enrich our understanding of life and human values.
(b) Aempt any One of the following quesons:
(1) Why is the bath signicant in the story 'The Bath' and why does the author keep
referring to it?
Ans: Significance of the Bath in Janet Frame’s “The Bath”
Janet Frame’s short story “The Bath” is not just about an elderly woman taking a bath; it is a
powerful exploration of ageing, loneliness, human fear, and the painful realization of
declining independence. In the story, the bath becomes the central symbol through which
the author presents the emotional, psychological, and physical struggles of an aging woman.
The bath, which is usually a simple daily activity for most people, becomes a terrifying and
almost life-threatening experience for her.
The story revolves around an old widow who prepares to take a bath before going out to
visit her husband’s grave on their wedding anniversary. The activity that should have been
refreshing instead becomes a struggle. She slips into the bath, but when she tries to get out,
she finds herself too weak to lift her body. At that moment the bath becomes a trap, and
she realizes how helpless she has become. Finally, she manages to get out, but the fear
remains permanently fixed in her mind. From then on, the bath symbolizes danger rather
than comfort.
Easy2Siksha.com
1. Bath as a Symbol of Ageing and Physical Weakness
The most immediate significance of the bath is that it represents the physical decline of old
age. Earlier in her life, bathing must have been a normal task. But now it becomes a
frightening challenge. The slippery surface, the deep bath, and the lack of strength in her
arms reflect how age has slowly stolen her independence.
The bath makes her confront reality:
She can no longer trust her own body.
For old people, small daily tasks like walking, climbing stairs, and bathing can become
dangerous. Through the bath, Janet Frame powerfully portrays this bitter truth. The lady
realizes that ageing is not just about wrinkles or memories; it is about losing control over
one’s own body. This realization is painful, heartbreaking, and shocking for her.
2. Bath as a Symbol of Loneliness and Isolation
The bath is also repeatedly referred to because it emphasizes her loneliness. She has no one
in the house to help her. There is no child, no friend, no neighbor close enough to notice if
something goes wrong. If she had truly been trapped in the bath, she might have died there
unnoticed.
This shows the emotional condition of many elderly people in society. They live alone; they
fight silent battles; and even when they are afraid, they do not have anyone to share their
fear with. The bath becomes a symbol of this isolation. It reminds us that the old woman is
living in a world where she has been quietly forgotten.
The author keeps referring to the bath because it constantly reminds both the character and
the reader of the frightening emptiness in her life. She is physically alive but emotionally
isolated.
3. Bath as a Representation of Fear and Psychological Trauma
Even after she escapes from the bath, the experience does not end for her. Instead, it leaves
a deep psychological wound. She keeps thinking what would happen next time. What if she
gets trapped again? What if nobody comes to rescue her? What if she dies helplessly in the
bath?
The bath becomes a symbol of fear that follows her. The fear is not temporary; it
transforms into anxiety and constant worry. She realizes that every future bath will be filled
with danger. It becomes a reminder of her fragile existence. Her fear grows not only of the
bath, but of life itself. The bath makes her aware of the closeness of death.
Easy2Siksha.com
4. Bath as a Metaphor for Death
Throughout the story, the bath subtly represents death. Bathing involves sinking into water,
becoming weaker, and struggling to rise again. This mirrors the human journey toward
death: slowly losing strength, fighting to survive, and fearing the final moment.
The bathtub itself resembles a coffin—small, enclosed, silent. When the woman is stuck in
it, she feels trapped as though life is leaving her body. She imagines dying there alone and
being discovered only after many days. This terrifying thought makes the bath a symbolic
rehearsal of death. It reminds her, and the reader, that death is not distant; it is quietly
approaching.
5. Bath as a Reminder of Lost Dignity and Independence
One of the most painful effects of aging is the loss of dignity. The bath scene reminds the
woman that she may soon become dependent on others even for intimate personal tasks
like bathing. For a person who has lived independently her whole life, this realization is
deeply humiliating and heartbreaking.
The bath forces her to confront the truth that she is no longer the capable person she once
was. She is afraid of becoming a burden. This emotional pain is much deeper than the
physical struggle.
Why Does the Author Keep Referring to the Bath?
Janet Frame keeps returning to the image of the bath because:
• It is the central symbol of the story
• It represents physical weakness, fear, loneliness, and approaching death
• It constantly reminds the old woman of her helplessness
• It keeps the tension alive in the reader’s mind
• It connects the beginning, middle, and end of the narrative
The repetition also mirrors how fear works in real life. When someone experiences trauma,
the mind keeps returning to it. The author uses repetition to show the mental state of the
woman. She cannot escape the memory of the bath, just as she cannot escape aging.
Conclusion
In “The Bath,” Janet Frame uses the bath as a powerful symbol of aging, loneliness, fear,
helplessness, and the nearness of death. What seems like a simple daily routine becomes a
Easy2Siksha.com
life-threatening struggle for the old woman. The bath reminds her that she is losing control
over her body, her independence, and possibly her future.
By repeatedly referring to the bath, the author emphasizes the emotional trauma,
vulnerability, and silent suffering of elderly people. The bath becomes the center of her
fear-filled existence and symbolizes the harsh reality of human aging. The story is not only
about one old woman but about every aging person who silently fights the frightening
realities of life.
Or
8 (ii) The short story 'Jasmine's Father' explores the pathos of father-daughter
relaonship. Discuss.
Ans: “Jasmine’s Father” and the Pathos of a Father–Daughter Relationship
The short story “Jasmine’s Father” is an emotionally powerful and touching narrative that
beautifully captures the delicate and painful reality of a father–daughter relationship. At the
heart of the story lies a father who spends his entire life fulfilling responsibilities, sacrificing
his desires, and silently loving his daughter, Jasmine. However, despite his lifelong
dedication, he is left emotionally isolated and forgotten when his daughter grows up,
becomes modern, and emotionally distant. The story is not merely about one family—it
reflects a universal truth about many fathers who love deeply but remain unexpressed,
unnoticed, and unappreciated.
The story brings out pathos, which means a deep sense of sadness, emotional suffering, and
helplessness. The writer does this by showing how the father gradually becomes a stranger
in his own daughter’s life. In Jasmine’s childhood, he was her hero, her world, her protector.
But as time passes and she becomes a modern, well-settled woman, she begins to feel
ashamed of her father’s simplicity, modest background, and lack of sophistication. This
transformation creates emotional pain, loneliness, and silent heartbreak for the father.
A Father’s Love: Silent but Strong
From the beginning of the story, Jasmine’s father is presented as a humble, loving,
hardworking man. He belongs to a simple background, works honestly to earn a living, and
dedicates everything to his daughter’s happiness. Unlike mothers, fathers often do not
openly express their emotions through words. Their love is calm, disciplined, and hidden in
actions rather than sweet speeches. Jasmine’s father represents such a father figure. He
spends years thinking only about his daughter’s future—her education, comfort, and
security.
He dreams that Jasmine will grow up to have a good life. He makes financial sacrifices, cuts
down on his own needs, and silently takes hardship upon himself so that Jasmine can live
Easy2Siksha.com
better. In his heart, Jasmine is always his little girl. He believes that the bond he shares with
her will always remain warm, loving, and respectful. However, the reality turns out to be
different.
The Emotional Distance Begins
As Jasmine grows older, she enters a different world—a world of education, modern
thinking, and urban sophistication. She becomes confident, independent, stylish, and
socially elevated. With this transformation comes a tragic change in her attitude toward her
father. Instead of feeling proud of him, she begins to feel embarrassed. She starts perceiving
her father as backward, old-fashioned, and inferior. His humble clothes, his simple behavior,
his lack of polished language—all these things become reasons of shame for her rather than
love.
This emotional detachment marks the beginning of pathos in the story. The father does not
stop loving her. Instead, he becomes quieter, more understanding, and more emotionally
vulnerable. He notices the change but remains silent. He does not argue, complain, or
demand affection. He simply endures the emotional pain because he is a father—and
fathers often think endurance is a part of love.
A Painful Realization
One of the most heartbreaking elements of the story is the father’s realization that Jasmine
no longer values him. She does not want him to be seen publicly. She feels he does not “fit”
into her world. This realization breaks his heart, but he still continues to love her. The writer
beautifully shows that emotional pain is deeper when love still exists from one side but is
absent from the other.
The father begins to feel like an outsider in his daughter’s life. He is alive but emotionally
invisible. His love, sacrifices, and years of dedication stand forgotten. He does not receive
gratitude, respect, or acknowledgment. Instead, he receives silence and avoidance.
Reflection of Modern Social Reality
The story is not just about Jasmine and her father; it reflects a much larger social truth. In
today’s modern world, many children move ahead in life, become educated and successful,
and gradually start feeling superior. They begin to judge their parents based on social
standards—appearance, language, class, sophistication—instead of valuing their
unconditional love.
Parents, particularly fathers, often become emotionally lonely even when surrounded by
success. Their lives become filled not with happiness but with quiet suffering. The story
Easy2Siksha.com
reminds us of such neglected fathers who spend their old age longing for emotional warmth
that rarely comes.
Pathos in the Father’s Silence
What makes the story deeply moving is not loud drama but the father’s silence. He does not
fight. He does not blame Jasmine. He simply accepts the situation with quiet dignity. This
silent acceptance increases the emotional intensity of the story. Silence here is not
weakness; it is the loudest expression of pain. The story beautifully portrays how the father
keeps loving his daughter, even when she stops valuing him. His heart breaks, but his love
does not.
A Universal Emotional Experience
The pathos in “Jasmine’s Father” resonates deeply with readers because the father–
daughter relationship is one of the purest bonds in life. Fathers see their daughters as
precious, delicate, and emotionally closest to their heart. Watching such a relationship
crumble fills the reader with sadness. Many readers may recall their own fathers while
reading the story. It compels us to reflect on how we treat our parents and whether we
unknowingly hurt them through neglect, embarrassment, or emotional distance.
Conclusion
In conclusion, “Jasmine’s Father” is a deeply touching story that explores the emotional
tragedy of a father–daughter relationship. It highlights how modernization, social status,
and pride can destroy the natural love between a parent and child. The story is filled with
quiet sorrow, unexpressed tears, and silent suffering. Through the father’s emotional
loneliness and Jasmine’s insensitive transformation, the writer beautifully captures human
pain at its deepest level.
The story teaches us that parents deserve love, respect, and gratitude, not embarrassment
or rejection. It reminds readers to value their parents while they are alive, to appreciate
their sacrifices, and to never allow pride or modernization to weaken emotional bonds. The
pathos in the story makes it unforgettable and emotionally powerful, leaving a lasting
impact on the reader’s heart.
SECTION-D
7. Aempt any Two of the following quesons:
Easy2Siksha.com
(i) Examine family relaonships in the story 'The Desjardins'.
(ii) 'Her mother would have to wait another day, choking in grass'. What is implied by this
statement? What is Mammie's state of mind at the end of the story?
(iii) Summarize in your own words the story "The Sacricial Egg" with special aenon to the
plot and style.
Ans: (i) Family Relationships in the Story “The Desjardins”
“The Desjardins” is a powerful story that explores the complex emotional structure of a
middle-class family. At the surface, the family appears ordinary, but beneath it lies
suppressed emotions, misunderstandings, and a lack of healthy communication. The family
relationship in the story is neither openly hostile nor lovingly warm; instead, it is dominated
by silence, emotional distance, and hidden tensions.
The parents represent two different emotional worlds. The father appears strict, practical,
and disciplined. He believes in authority and control rather than emotional expression. His
children respect him but also fear him. This creates an emotional gap where love exists but
does not openly flow. The mother, on the other hand, is more soft-hearted, emotional, and
protective. She tries to balance situations in the house, but even she feels trapped in
circumstances. She silently suffers but keeps pretending everything is fine because that is
what mothers commonly do in many families.
The children grow up in this environment of emotional half-warmth and half-distance. They
receive care, upbringing, food, shelter, and discipline, but they lack emotional closeness.
They are taught obedience rather than expressive affection. This makes them feel lonely
despite being surrounded by family. The story highlights how a lack of emotional
communication weakens family bonds.
Thus, “The Desjardins” presents a realistic portrayal of many families where love exists but
is buried beneath fear, silence, pride, and emotional disconnect. The narrative shows that
even though families live under the same roof, they may still be emotionally distant. The
story reminds us that family relationships need understanding, communication, and
emotional openness rather than rigid authority and silent suffering.
(ii) Meaning of “Her mother would have to wait another day, choking in grass” &
Mammie’s State of Mind
The line “Her mother would have to wait another day, choking in grass” is symbolic and
emotionally deep. It refers to the sad reality that Mammie is unable to bury her mother
properly or perform necessary rituals for her. The expression “choking in grass” suggests
that her mother’s dead body lies unattended, unburied, and neglected, covered in weeds
and grass. This conveys helplessness, poverty, and painful emotional distress.
Easy2Siksha.com
It also implies Mammie’s inner guilt and emotional struggle. She desperately wants to give
her mother dignity in death, but circumstances force her to postpone this duty. The grass
symbolizes neglect, helpless fate, and emotional suffocation. It reflects how the poor suffer
not only in life but even after death.
Mammie’s State of Mind at the End of the Story
By the end, Mammie is emotionally shattered, exhausted, and broken. She is torn between
love, duty, guilt, and helplessness. Life has given her unbearable responsibilities and harsh
realities. She is filled with grief because she cannot fulfill her final responsibility toward her
mother. She feels trapped in a world where human emotions are crushed by suffering and
circumstances.
However, there is also a hint of resignation and acceptance. She is no longer fighting her
fate; instead, she silently bears the emotional pain. Her mind is full of sorrow, frustration,
and a sense of powerlessness, showing how tough situations destroy human inner strength.
Thus, the statement and Mammie’s mental condition reflect emotional tragedy,
helplessness, and deep human suffering.
(iii) Summary of “The Sacrificial Egg” with Focus on Plot and Style
Chinua Achebe’s short story “The Sacrificial Egg” is a powerful narrative dealing with African
traditional beliefs, urbanization, colonial influence, and human tragedy. The story revolves
around Julius Obi, a young educated African clerk working in a colonial trading company in
the Nigerian town of Umuru.
Plot Summary
Umuru is situated near the River Niger and is famous for its big central marketplace, Nkwo
Market. People from nearby villages gather there to trade. However, the town is also
believed to be under the influence of Kitikpa, the god of smallpox. Smallpox is feared as a
curse sent by spirits upon the people.
Julius, being educated and influenced by modern thinking, initially refuses to believe in such
superstitions. He believes in Western logic and science. However, life takes a tragic turn
when a smallpox epidemic breaks out. The disease spreads rapidly, causing chaos, panic,
and death everywhere.
Julius falls in love with Janet, a young girl belonging to his community. He becomes
emotionally attached to her and her family. But tragedy strikes when smallpox reaches
Janet’s house and kills many members of her family, including the mother. This emotionally
devastates Julius and shatters his beliefs. He realizes how powerful and destructive nature
and fate can be.
Easy2Siksha.com
The title “The Sacrificial Egg” symbolizes human helplessness. In traditional belief, an egg is
often sacrificed to calm angry spirits. Here, human lives themselves become symbolic
sacrifices to uncontrollable forces like disease, fate, and fear.
Style of the Story
Achebe’s style is simple, powerful, realistic, and emotionally moving. He beautifully blends
African folklore with modern social realities. His narrative combines:
• cultural richness
• social criticism
• emotional sensitivity
• symbolic imagery
The language is straightforward but deeply meaningful. The tone is tragic yet thoughtful,
making readers sympathize with the characters and reflect on the struggle between
tradition and modernity.
Conclusion
All three answers highlight strong emotional themes—family tensions in “The Desjardins,”
helpless grief in Mammie’s situation, and tragic fate and cultural conflicts in “The Sacrificial
Egg.” Each story explores human suffering, emotional depth, and social realities, making
them powerful pieces of literature.
8. Transcribe the following Ten words:
Terminology, University, Naonality, Capability, Superiority, Diconary, Choreography,
Denitely, Demonstraon, Anecdotal.
Ans: Terminology
/ˌtɜːmɪˈnɒlədʒi/
(American: /ˌtɜːrməˈnɑːlədʒi/)
University
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsɪti/
Nationality
/ˌnæʃəˈnælɪti/
Capability
/ˌkeɪpəˈbɪlɪti/
Easy2Siksha.com
Superiority
/suːˌpɪəriˈɒrɪti/
(also heard: /sjuːˌpɪəriˈɒrɪti/)
Dictionary
/ˈdɪkʃənəri/
(American: /ˈdɪkʃəˌneri/)
Choreography
/ˌkɒriˈɒɡrəfi/
(American: /ˌkɔːriˈɑːɡrəfi/)
Definitely
/ˈdefɪnɪtli/
Demonstration
/ˌdemənˈstreɪʃən/
Anecdotal
/ˌænɪkˈdəʊtl/
(American: /ˌænɪkˈdoʊdl/)
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educaonal purposes. If you noce any
mistakes or have suggesons, feel free to share your feedback.”
